Canada Immigration Requirements

There are two main paths to Canada. One way is to obtain a permanent residence visa. The other way is to come to Canada on a temporary work permit. There are a few differences in practice between permanent residency and citizenship in Canada. The first is that as a permanent resident you may not vote in elections. The second is that while citizenship is a right that may not be taken away, as a permanent resident you may be deported if you commit a serious crime. The selection factors that make up the assessment are

Education (maximum 25 points)

Ranges from 5 points for completing high school to 25 points for completing a master’s or Ph.D.

The system also gives credit for trade certificates or apprenticeship programs.

Language Skills (maximum 24 points)

Canada uses both English and French as official languages, and you may receive credit for proficiency in either one or both.

Experience (maximum 21 points)

Full points for four or more years of experience at an appropriate level.

Age (maximum 10 points)

Full points for being between the ages of 21-49.

Arranged Employment (maximum 10 points)

If you hold a permanent job offer from a Canadian employer or are applying from within Canada and hold a temporary work permit you may receive credit for your Canadian employment.

Adaptability (maximum 10 points)

This category brings in a number of factors related to an applicant’s ability to adapt to living in Canada, including previous experience working or studying in Canada, or having family in Canada.

 Training (maximum 29 points): 

Points are awarded separately for both education and job-related training.

Additional points are awarded for having more than one area of specialty.

Validated Employment Offer (maximum 10 points)

Points are awarded for having a job offer from an employer in Quebec, with greater points awarded for a job outside of the area of Montreal.

Experience (maximum 9 points)

Full points are awarded for four or more years of experience at the appropriate skill level according to the NOC.

Age (maximum 18 points)

Full points are awarded for being between the ages of 18-35.

Language Proficiency (maximum 22 points)

French is the official language of the Province of Quebec. The Quebec selection criteria place value on oral language abilities rather than written comprehension. Up to 16 points are available for oral interaction in French, with an additional 6 available for oral interaction in English.

Stay and Family in Quebec (maximum 9 points)

Having previously spent time living, working, or studying in Quebec, as well as having family in the province will help a prospective immigrant establish themselves more easily. Points are awarded for both of these areas.

Spouse’s Characteristics (maximum 18 points)

If an applicant is accompanied by a spouse or common-law partner, points may be awarded for the spouse’s education, training, work experience, age, and language.

Children (maximum 8 points)

Up to the maximum, 4 points are awarded for each child under 12 years of age, and 2 points for each child between 13 and 21.

Financial Self-Sufficiency (1 point)

One point is awarded for having sufficient funds for financial self-sufficiency upon arrival. However, without satisfying this requirement the application is automatically refused.

Adaptability (maximum 8 points)

This category uses an overall assessment of the applicant’s ability to adapt to life in Quebec.

Satisfying these requirements will lead to the issue of a Quebec Selection Certificate, which is recognized by CIC for immigration to Quebec. The applicant must still pass a security clearance and medical examination. For More

Canada immigration eligibility

Canada is the perfect destination for immigration and what makes it the choice, to settle for so many people around the globe are the perfect opportunities for personal and professional growth. Canada has become the perfect destination choice to raise a family because of the high standard of living, improved infrastructure, low crime rate, and incredible health care facilities. But, the foremost thing that makes migrating to Canada most attractive for the clients is the Permanent Residency (PR) status of Canada. The PR Status is a family visa which is allotted to the candidate for a minimum period of five years and has benefits attached like the right to live, study and work anywhere in Canada, free healthcare facilities and free education. But the Permanent Residency (PR) status of Canada is allotted to the candidate after careful scrutiny and analysis and creates a parameter in which it is the best platform for the eligibility criteria for immigration to Canada.

Canada is the ideal goal for migration and what settles on it the decision to make do with such a large number of individuals around the world are the ideal open doors for individual and expert development. Canada has turned into the ideal goal decision to raise a family in view of exclusive expectation of living, enhanced foundation, low wrongdoing rate, and staggering social insurance offices. In any case, the principal thing that makes relocating to Canada most appealing for the customers is the Permanent Residency (PR) status of Canada. The PR Status is a family visa which is allocated to the contender for a base time of five years and has benefits appended like an ideal to live, study and work anyplace in Canada, free human services offices and free instruction. Be that as it may, the Permanent Residency (PR) status of Canada is distributed to the competitor after cautious examination and investigation and makes a parameter in which it is the best stage for the qualification criteria for movement to Canada.

What is Express Entry Canada?

Canada Government selects skilled immigrants as permanent residents based on their ability to settle in Canada and take part in economic growth. Canadian system to manage people with skilled work experience applying to immigrate to Canada is called Express Entry.

It is the fastest (online) way by which individuals and families across the world wishing to move to Canada can become new permanent residents within a few months. Established as one of the most popular immigration systems globally, it was introduced in 2015 and since then it has become the main driver of economic immigration to Canada. It is managed by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), which handles applications received through Canada’s federal immigration programs.

How to apply for Canada Express Entry?\

First and foremost, the candidates need to get an Educational Credential Assessment (ECS) from a recognized monitoring authority like WES. Then, a candidate must select an occupation as per the (National Occupation Classification) and skill level like O, A, B etc. Then candidates submit their Express Entry Profile and ranked according to a points system. Candidates with highest rankings are then invited by the Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) to apply for permanent residency. Once applied, candidates’ PR applications are scored according to the program's point-based Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS).

The Express Entry points are based on the following parameters:

·         The education and qualification of the candidate

·         Proficiency in English language or French

·         The age of the candidate

·         The work experience and skills of the candidate

·         If a candidate has a job offer from an organization based in Canada

·         The spouse’s education, work experience, and English or French language proficiency

If you are planning to immigrate to Canada, there are several ways to do it. You need to come to a conclusion based on that you can choose which immigration program suits best for you and your family. There are currently more than 60 programs available for Canadian immigration. This is the reason behind for everyone's path to Canadian immigration will be unique. For more

The Best Time to Apply for Canada Immigration 2019.

Canada is one of the top chosen countries. With the high quality of life standards, great pay rates and a lot of business openings, it is no big surprise that such huge numbers of individuals from abroad have communicated an enthusiasm to live and work in the nation. If you are interested in relocating to Canada, you will need to know how to get Canadian permanent visa.

Eligibility criteria 

In order to be eligible to apply for the Canadian PR visa, you will need to obtain no less than 67 points under the current assessment system. These points are calculated over a number of factors including age, language skills, and qualifications. Here are some of the categories that are assessed and you must have no criminal record and must be in good health, consenting to a medical examination if required.

Age
 Depending on your age at the time of application you can be awarded a maximum of 12points. This maximum total will be awarded if you are aged between 18 and 35with the fewest points awarded to those under 18 or aged over 35.

Contingent upon your age at the season of use you can be granted a limit of 12points. This most extreme absolute will be granted on the off chance that you are matured somewhere in the range of 18 and 35with the least direct granted toward those under 18 or matured over 35.l.

Education

The maximum number of points that can be awarded for educational qualifications are 25. You will be awarded a different number of points depending on how qualified you are - for example, you will be given maximum points if you have a Ph.D. you will gain maximum points or Master’s degree you will gain 23 points and for Bachelor degree, you will gain 21 points.

Work experience
 In order to be eligible to apply for a Canadian permanent residence, you will have to, either have an existing job offer from an eligible Canadian employer or you will have to have skills and experience in one of the employment sectors rated O, A or B featured on the NOC (National Occupational Classification) list. You must have a minimum of one year's full-time work experience in one of these occupations in order to be eligible; however, you will be awarded more points for a longer period in a skilled employment category. For four years or more within the industry, you can gain a maximum of15 points.

Language
 You can be awarded up to 24 points if you are fluent in English. Those points based on the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) score. Minimum 6 bands required in IELTS to get Canadian Residence Permit. If you are able to get above 7 bands you can award maximum points. The International English Language Testing System consists of modules Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening.

Adaptability

You can gain up to 10 points depending on whether you are coming to the country with a spouse who has good educational qualifications or who have already study or work experience in Canada.

Funds required
 Once you have determined that you have more than 67 points, you must meet the financial requirement to emigrate. This means that you will need a minimum of around CAD$14,000 as a single person from the date of receiving ITA (Invitation to Apply), and the amount increases on a sliding scale depending on how many dependents you intend to bring with you.

How to processes

If you meet all of the above criteria you are eligible to make an application to the Canadian government for a permanent residence permit. Process consist of 4 stages

Stage 1:

In the initial stage you need to submit your education credential to WES(Word education system) it's calculated CGA points and sent report within 4-5 weeks for this process WES charge approximately 320 CAD$. Once receive the report you are eligible to Express Entry.

Stage 2:

In the second stage you need to fill and submit required credentials to Job Bank. Once you receive the invitation to apply for PR you need to submit all your credentials to CIC (Canada Immigration Citizenship) within 8 weeks, along with that you need to pay 550 CAD$ for each primary applicant and spouse for each kid 150 CAD$.

Stage 3:

In stage 3 once you submit the all documents to case office will assign your case and he verify all the documents once everything is clear then he will ask you to get Medical reports and PPC(Police Clearance Certificate). Once you get the documents you need to pay landing tax approximately 490 CAD$ for primary applicant and suppose for kids no landing fee.

Stage4:

Once you did all thing you need to send the passport to CHC or you can directly go to the office and get visa stamp. One visa stamp did within 6-12 months you are eligible to make your first entry to Canada.

 The Immigration is a Canada immigration consulting firm based out of Hyderabad that specializes in assisting professionals (engineers, lawyers, chartered accountants etc.) obtain permanent resident visas of Canada and Australia. We counsel and handhold our clients in the process of applying for permanent visas and help them relocate their base to Canada or Australia. For More:

Business PR Australia

Increasing numbers of business migrants who wish to put resources into Australia are also looking forward to making Australia their home. To apply most of the permanent resident status in Australia enables the business migrants and their family members to stay, work, live and study in Australia permanently. As a permanent resident of Australia, the entrepreneurs and speculators get substantially more operational advantages.

The Australia PR visa is a permanent visa. It offers you the right to reside in Australia for an indefinite period. You can appreciate the benefits of unlimited travel from and to Australia once you acquire the PR visa. Nevertheless, the PR visa is firstly offered for a 5 years period. It must be again applied for from either within or outside Australia, as quoted by the Bloomberg. People migrate to Australia to have a better life. Before doing that, you have to apply for the Permanent Residency (PR) visa as to be allowed be granted a right to live, work and study without limitation in Australia.

As such there are different visa pathways that lead to permanent residency in Australia. Two chief pathways among them are through skilled migration or business migration. The Australian immigration system is points based that ensure people coming to stay in Australia as permanent residents make a significant contribution to the country’s economy and society.

BENEFIT OF PR IN AUSTRALIA

• As a permanent resident, you will be given a permanent visa. This qualifies you for the privilege to live in Australia uncertainly You can enjoy the facilities of unlimited travel to and from Australia once you become a permanent resident. However, initially, the permanent visa is given for a period of five years and has to be applied again from either outside Australia or from inside the nation.

• The Australia PR visa offers unlimited opportunity to select in the preferred course of study. It also offers diverse options for choosing the education at the university level. Some of the loans for education are offered only to PR holders. These loans will be really helpful to manage any fiscal crisis that can occur owing to the additional expenditures related to the studies.

• As the Permanent Resident of Australia, you will enjoy health care entitlement, in which you have the privilege of health insurance scheme called Medicare; you can get free treatments from public hospitals and subsidized medicine. As an Australian resident, you qualify for Medicare and administration social insurance that gives free or sponsored medicinal administrations to the Australians.

• Opportunity to choose any job in any place: You have the freedom to choose any occupation and work in any place in Australia, except for some administration offices or establishments as these require you to be a citizen of the nation.

• Australian Permanent Residents also have the right to sponsor. we can sponsor your relatives if they would also like to get the Permanent Residency. for more 

Canada Student Visa Guide

It is necessary for every single outside study to get a study expert and visa before moving to ponder in Canada. An understudy should likewise meet the necessities of the Canadian Immigration Act and Regulations under ordinary conditions. Benevolently enable at least 4 to about a month and a half for your visa to be prepared.

Canada keeps on pulling in an enduring volume of understudies from India. While inspiring admission to Top Universities in Canada keeps on requiring superb scholastic score, the consent to ponder is approved by methods for a Study Permit. In the event that you wish to take scholarly, proficient or professional preparing at a college, school or some other instructive foundation in Canada, you will require an investigation allow before you enter Canada. This investigation allows is issued to understudies when they land in Canada. Be that as it may, to arrive, an understudy should initially apply for a Temporary Resident Visa which is given by the Canadian High Commission and encouraged by the Visa Application Centers. VFS Global Services is the assigned VACs for Canadian Visa.

For steps

·       Apply for Admission in College/University

·       Pay Tuition Fee

·       Purchase of GIC (Guaranteed Investment Certificate)

·       Undertake Medicals

·       Visa Lodgement

·       Visa Outcome

Apply for Admission in College/University

To Study in Canada initially, you ought to get an endorsement of confirmations (offer letter) from an authorized training supplier in Canada. There are various SDS Colleges and Universities in Canada that offers a wide scope of projects and extraordinary offices to their understudies. The most ideal approach to locate a correct training supplier is to lead look into on the best schools/colleges in Canada offering significant courses and waitlist a couple of them. After this, peruse the site of the shortlisted schools and select the suitable one as far as the nature of instruction, positioning, program structure, program expense and different offices for universal students.

At that point finish your preferred application to the establishment. While applying for confirmation, you have to present a couple of records, including verification of your past scholarly capabilities, international ID duplicate, and evidence of your English dialect capacity. Hold up until the point when your offer letter is received.

Pay Tuition Fee.

Subsequent to tolerating your offer from your instruction supplier, you should pay the educational cost charge as referenced in the offer letter. This installment is made by International Wire Transfer. When the organizations have gotten and handled your educational cost expense installment, they will issue you with receipt. This receipt will be expected to hold up your Canada study visa application.

Purchase of GIC (Guaranteed Investment Certificate)

It is obligatory for the understudies to purchase an exceptional ensured venture endorsement (GIC) from any of the partaking banks like Nova Scotia Bank, ICICI Bank, SBI Canada Bank, CIBC Bank for the measure of $ 10,200 CAD for the change of the everyday costs of the primary year. Approx. $200 will be deducted as the authoritative charges of Bank (It relies upon Bank to Bank). The understudy gets $ 2000 following entry in Canada. Next $8000 will be paid to the understudies in 12 square with portions as every month's everyday costs. This is nonredeemable speculation.

Undertake Medicals

You will now need to take a medical examination a doctor approved by the Canadian government. You can find a list of the approved panel by visiting; (http://www.cic.gc.ca/pp-md/pp-list.aspx).

You will be provided a receipt for the medical, which is required when you apply for a visa. The medical report will automatically be transferred to the visa office.

Visa Lodgment

To lodge your visa application you will need to provide the documents as per SDS Checklist:

1.    Visa Application Form

2.    Original valid passport with a photocopy of the Biodata page

3.    Family information form.

4.    An Acceptance Letter issued by the SDS Educational Institute in Canada

5.    Use of Representative Form (IMM 5476)

6.    Proof of English Proficiency Test

7.    Academic Documents

8.    Receipt of Payment of Tuition fee

9.    Evidence of GIC purchase

10.             Student Questionnaire

11.             Medical, etc.

Visa Outcome

After receiving the passport, you will get to know about the outcome of your Canadian student visa application. For more details

 

Basic Steps to Permanent Residency in Canada

The right of Permanent Residency in Canada is not provided to all individuals and Immigration Canada is very selective with who they approve for permanent residency.

Apply for permanent residence if your want to stay in Canada indefinitely Once you receive permanent residency in Canada, there is certain information that your must consider. A permanent residence is a good option for students or temporary workers in Canada who want to stay in the country permanently. First and foremost, in order to be an authorized permanent resident of Canada your must be issued a permanent residency by a Canadian government. Additionally, your will not only hold permanent residency in Canada but your will also still have citizenship from your country of origin. Once we arrive in Canada as a permanent resident, this does not mean that you have gained Canadian citizenship; there are differences. Canadian citizenship is a separate matter and it is applied to separately. Lastly, being a permanent resident in Canada allows that individual to reside in Canada and is not only staying in Canada due to work, school or visiting purposes.  Permanent residency is also a good first step to applying for citizenship in Canada if your plan to do so in the future.

As a permanent resident in Canada, there are certain rights and responsibilities that you must abide by in order to maintain your residency, as previously mentioned. Subsequently, as a permanent resident of Canada, you have the following rights:

·         Health Care

·         Social Benefits

·         Live, study or work anywhere in Canada

·         Protection under Federal law

·         Rights and Freedoms granted by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms

·         Apply for citizenship after permanently residing in Canada for a designated time period

A permanent resident of Canada will also have certain responsibilities while residing in Canada, such as:

·         To abide by all laws of Canada (municipal, provincial & federal)

·         To face conviction should they commit any serious criminal offense - Please note, this may cause permanent residency to be revoked

RESIDENCY OBLIGATION IN CANADA

So as to keep up your Permanent Residency status inside Canada, you should effectively satisfy residency commitments. In particular, you should aggregate a sum of two years of living in Canada inside a many years day and age. Also, you should be physically present inside Canada amid these two years. Fortunately, there are a few conditions that may check towards your multi-year timeframe in Canada, while being outside of Canada. The circumstances include:

Traveling with a spouse or common-law partner that is a Canadian citizen;

·         A child that is traveling with their father or mother who is a Canadian citizen;

·         An employee that is traveling outside of Canada for Canadian business.

Therefore, you must abide by these residency obligations, if not, you may lose your permanent residency and may not be able to renew it.

PR card can be used to demonstrate that we have permanent resident status in Canada. Canada is outstanding amongst other choices countries when recollecting development choices. With the high quality of life models, incredible pay rates and a lot of business openings, it is no big surprise that such a significant number of individuals from abroad have communicated enthusiasm for coming to live and work in this country. In case we are involved with moving to Canada, we should realize how to get Canadian lasting visa. Here we will take a gander at qualification criteria, the application technique and the chief's need to ward engage to choose on the off chance that we will be successful. For more

Canada visa information

Canada is the most among a couple of most loved goals of outsiders and this is a direct result of the manner in which that it leads in the Liveability situating. The country offers the best human services, security, education, culture and condition and more to be in the best place to live. The most method to move to Canada for the individuals who want to is through the Canada Express Entry program, or, at the end of the day, a structure familiar in 2018 with managing relocation to Canada on gifted work inclusion.

Canada is an ideal country to move as an interminable occupant. First-rate lifestyle, amazing perfection, all around arranged and quiet gatherings and creating economy make it a dream objective for those endeavoring to make another start abroad. The procedure to relocate to Canada is equivalent to you apply for a PR as a person. Consistently people consider whether they would have the ability to move successfully without an occupation offer from a business in Canada and the reaction to this explicit request is certainly constructive. An arranged candidate can without a doubt get an interminable inhabitant card without a business offer before their entrance.

Benefits of Canada Investor Visa

• With this syllabus, the successful prospect can apply for Permanent Residence in Canada 
• Under this visa there are no restrictions are placed on this employment placing visa upon the work that can be undertaken.
• The pre-necessity job offer is required with the Canadian work permit and successful candidates under this computer program by default will receive   Permanent Resident Condition 
• .The completion of three years in Canada, immigration services provides a chance for candidates to progress from permanent residency and apply for   Canadian Citizenship.

Canada Work Permit:

A work permit for Canada is given to an individual who is not a citizen or permanent resident of Canada, yet wishes to work here. It is a mandatory work permit, irrespective of whether the employer lives in Canada or not. The validity is only for specific time duration and for a specified job only. This means that a single work permit is applicable only for the intended work. If you want to switch jobs, you need to apply for a new permit again.

Canada Work Permit Process:

This is a two-fold process. In the first level, a Canadian employer must receive an approval from the Canadian government to hire foreign workers. At the second stage, on being granted permission, the designated employees should apply for receiving a work permit.

Canada Work Permit Requirements:

At the time of applying for the Canada work permit, you need to meet certain requirements in order to get the work permit for Canada. These are:-

·         Your intention of leaving the country after the lapse of the work permit

·         Should be self-sufficient enough to support yourself and your family during your stay here

·         Should not be having a criminal background

·         Must meet the health requirements

Canada Work Permit Application

This work permit application requires verification from the Canadian labor market. This is known as the Labour Market Opinion (LMO). On getting a positive LMO, an individual can apply for a work permit. However, there are some categories which do not require this approval like NAFTA and Post-Graduate Work Permits as well as Intra-Company Transfers.

Canada's new system for overseeing development applications for a few of the nation's monetary settler programs including Federal Skilled Worker, Canadian Experience Class, and Federal Skilled Trades. People interested in immigrating to Canada to live and work on a full-time basis, who meets the criteria for at least one of these immigration programs, can formally express their interest in becoming a permanent resident of Canada by creating an Express Entry profile. Once added to the Express Entry pool, candidates will be scored according to the program's point-based Comprehensive Ranking System (CRS), and this score will decide the competitor's rank inside the pool. Individuals people with the most elevated scores will then be welcome to apply to move to Canada as lasting residents.

Education

The educational capability of degree, recognition or endorsement that can be either a Canadian or remote instructive qualification from or identical to a Canadian auxiliary or post-discretionary school if your applying for the Federal Skilled Worker program.

 Eligibility

With the goal for Canada to assess a potential immigrant's eligibility for Express Entry, the program requires that applicants create an online profile containing all their credentials. Once an Express Entry profile has been created for the candidate and he or she has been accepted in the program, the potential immigrant's profile will be put into a pool with other candidates and potential employers and provincial nominee programs can then compare the different applications. On the off chance that a qualified business or Canada PNP chooses a candidate from the Express Entry pool, he or she will then receive 600 CRS points for the enhanced provincial nomination or up to 200 points for the qualifying job offer. There are then official Express Entry draws where top candidates are given an Invitation to Apply (ITA) for Canadian residency.

Work experience

For any of the three projects made reference to, we need work experience of least two years, either full-time or low maintenance of equivalent sum in the last ten, five years or three years. Your gifted work encounter must be in the important activity included in Skill Type 0, or Skill Level An or B on the National Occupational Classification list.

Financial Status

 We need to demonstrate that you have sufficient money to support yourself, as well as your family in Canada. Canada migration Express Entry is a system that manages permanent residence applications under the existing immigration programs. It basically selects skilled workers to Canada under the Federal Economic programs. Applications need to submit online profiles to Express Entry Pool so common governments and Canadian employers across the country can access best candidates invited by the Federal government to apply for the permanent residence. For more.........

  

Consultants Immigration

Migration consultant's agents can help with basically any part of a movement application. More specifically, consultants can explain and provide advice on immigration options; help identify the best immigration program for an immigration consultant’s communicate with the Government of Canada on behalf of the applicant, and represent the applicant in an immigration or citizenship application or hearing.

Approved paid delegates, likewise just known as approved agents, are legal counselors and paralegals who are: individuals on favorable terms of a Canadian common or regional law society; and citizenship or movement experts who are individuals on favorable terms with the Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council (ICCRC), the administrative body. Unpaid representatives can be family members, friends and other third parties, such as church organizations.

  Studying the USA in community colleges provide two-year associate degree programs, usually called the associate of arts (A.A.) or associate of science (A.S.) degrees, as well as excellent technical and vocational programs. As the name suggests, community colleges are community-based institutions with close links to secondary schools, community groups, and employers, and many U.S. students are living close to campus with their families. Community colleges can be public or private institutions and are sometimes called junior colleges or two-year colleges. A growing number of international students are choosing to study at community colleges, and this is discussed in further detail later in this booklet. Tuition costs are often lower at two-year than at four-year institutions, and many have agreements to allow students on transfer programs to move easily into the third year of a bachelor’s degree at the local state university.

Study in abroad without IELTS if students hope to study abroad without IELTS then they must have scored 70% or more in the twelfth standard. They ought to have brilliant relational abilities in English, which incorporates both composed and verbal. Unmistakable foundations like any University of Warwick allow confirmation without considering consequences of IELTS. These universities offer undergraduate and graduate courses in various disciplines. Moreover, many universities admit students if their last educational institution certifies that their medium of the study was English.

     

Canada has a standout amongst the most regarded instruction frameworks on the world. It is an amazing and best country that offers many exciting and varying opportunities. Every year, many more students from other countries pursue their educational goals in Canada. With new ways to gain valuable Canadian work experience during and after your studies, the advantages of studying in Canada are great. There are additionally changeless migration choices for global understudies who have moved on from the post-auxiliary projects in Canada. We can wish to take academic, professional or vocational training at a university, college or other educational institution in Canada; we will need a study permit before you enter Canada. For more.....